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John Chapman (1821–1894) was a publisher who had medical training and was based at 142 Strand, London. ==Life== He was born on 16 June 1821. He was son of a chemist at Nottingham. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker at Worksop, but, not staying long with him, went to his brother, a medical student at Edinburgh, who sent him out to Adelaide to start in business as a watchmaker and optician. Returning to Europe about 1844, he began studying medicine in Paris, and continued his studies at St. George's Hospital, London. After submitting a book on human nature to Green, a publisher and bookseller in Newgate Street, he was led to take over Green's business, which he transferred to 142 Strand. In 1846, he published the first English translation of David Strauss' ''Life of Jesus'', translated by Mary Ann Evans, later better known by her pen name of George Eliot. Seven years later he published her translation of Feuerbach's ''The Essence of Christianity''. He acquired the philosophical radical journal the ''Westminster Review'' in 1851, and provided a platform for emerging ideas of evolution. His assistant Mary Anne Evans brought together authors including Francis William Newman, W. R. Greg, Harriet Martineau and the young journalist Herbert Spencer, and later John Stuart Mill, William Carpenter, Robert Chambers, George Holyoake and Thomas Huxley. Herbert Spencer "despaired of getting his sociological writings published until Chapman took him on. (It was he, not Darwin, who coined the phrase "the survival of the fittest".) Thomas Huxley, later famous as the most ardent supporter of Darwinism, calling himself Darwin's bulldog and cheerfully going into battle with bishops over ''On the Origin of Species'' while Darwin lay low at his home in Kent, was plucked from poverty and obscurity by Chapman. His first paid employment was as scientific reviewer on the ''Westminster Review'', the radical quarterly periodical that Chapman bought in 1851 and turned into the best journal of the century." 〔(Rosemary Ashton, ''The Smart Set,'' The Guardian, 4 November 2006 )〕 Chapman subsequently became a qualified specialist in sickness and psychological medicine, and in 1865 Charles Darwin invited Dr. Chapman to Downe and gave him a long list of the symptoms he had suffered from for 25 years. Chapman prescribed a spinal freezing treatment.〔Adrian Desmond and James Moore, ''Darwin'' (London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group, 1991). ISBN 0-7181-3430-3〕 In 19th century Britain there was high-class patronage of Hydropathy. Charles Darwin was a user of it and his old friend Dr. James Manby Gully (1808-83) had a thriving hydropathic institution in Malvern. 〔Adrian Desmond and James Moore, ''Darwin: the Life of a Tormented Evolutionist,'' 1990, pp.364 and 392〕 Similarly, he was connected to John Chapman, a homeopath in London and a friend of Thomas Huxley. ''According to Emma Darwin's diary, John Chapman visited Darwin on 20 May 1865. Chapman was proprietor and editor of the Westminster Review, to which Huxley had been a regular contributor."〔(''The Darwin project'' )〕 For his woes, Chapman had Darwin using bags of ice applied to the spine. He died in Paris on 25 November 1894, from the result of being run over by a cab. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Chapman (publisher)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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